Writing Tips (#TuesdayTips)
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TuesdayTips70
Getting It Right.
Writing Science Comfortably.“I’m playing all the right notes, but not necessarily in the right order.”
The comedian Eric Morecombe’s famous retort to the conductor Andre Previn, when his attempts at playing a concert piano fail dismally during the 1971 Morecombe and Wise Christmas special, have passed into TV legend.
Unfortunately, I often find myself wincing when reading the attempts of a writer without a scientific background to convey complex scientific ideas to their readers. I paraphrase Morecombe’s famous catch-phrase thus:
“I’m using all the right scientific vocabulary, but not necessarily in the right order.”
Now, first of all, I want to make it clear that this is not going to be a cheap shot at writers who get it wrong. I’m a science teacher – I spend my professional life helping others understand science, so it would be deeply hypocritical of me to laugh at another’s expense. Besides which, I’m sure there are plenty of police officers and other specialists who read my books and shake their heads.
From what I have observed, there are two ways in which the science in books can fall down.
Knowledge and Understanding. Leaving aside the complexities of modern forensics, a story that requires scientific concepts for the plot to work can suffer if the writer is unsure of the basics. This is equally true whether the story is grounded in reality, or whether it is an ‘extrapolation’ of existing science. A tale about future applications of genetics might be largely fantasy, but it will still fall apart if the author muddles up how DNA works with how proteins are formed. The pseudoscience rattled off in Star Trek always worked best when the writer had a basic grounding in physics, even if the warp drive or the transporter don’t really exist.
Comfortably writing the science. Whether it is in dialogue or prose, all too often a writer will “Use all the right scientific vocabulary, but not necessarily in the right order.” The result feels and sounds clunky. It’s a bit like writing a scene set in a foreign land using Google Translate and an out-of-date guidebook. The moment anyone with any knowledge at all of the place reads it, it will come across as fake.
The key to avoiding this trap is research and expert help. Both of these sound scary, and difficult, but they don’t have to be.
First of all, knowledge and understanding:
You don’t have to become an expert on a subject to make your characters sound realistic. The first thing to do is make sure you understand the basics.
For example, lets assume you are writing about DNA. It could be because your plot centres on a DNA match in a police procedural, or because your lead character is a genetically enhanced super-soldier two hundred years in the future. Understanding the basic principles of what DNA is (and isn’t) to the level expected of a secondary school pupil will usually give you a sufficient grounding before you delve a bit deeper for your book.
I am going to recommend one of the best resources on the web – BBC Bitesize. We use it all the time in school and I regularly recommend pupils peruse it.
Simply Google “BBC Bitesize” and the broad topic that you are writing about (eg genetics) and the top hits are likely to be what you are looking for.
For a bit more in-depth knowledge, there are lots of webpages that cater for writers wanting to know something about a topic – again, try using Google and appending “for writers” or “the basics” or “for beginners” to the search.
If you want a handy go-to guide, then there are lots of books. A series that I particularly like is the “XXXXXX: A Very Short Introduction“, where XXXXXX is the topic. These are pocket-sized books written by experts in the field and very digestible. I have several, including the Forensic Science edition by Jim Fraser.
YouTube is also a useful source of educational videos. Try putting “KS4” or “GCSE” or “Grade School” (the term used in the United States) into the search terms to limit the results to those pitched at school pupils. Again, I use these when teaching.
The next hurdle is making the science sound comfortable.
This is where you should try and enlist an ‘expert’. You can certainly try emailing a leader in the field – they will often reply; they typically love their subject and want it to be portrayed correctly. If they do reply, you could see if they would be willing to proof read some of your text to see if it sounds right to their ears. BUT DON’T SEND THEM THE WHOLE MANUSCRIPT. They aren’t going to thank you if a 100,000 word tome lands in their inbox. Instead, be choosy. Send them short extracts – perhaps a conversation, or a couple of paragraphs of explanation. Be sure to tell them what to expect – if they don’t realise that your book is set fifty years from now, or is speculative, they are just going to tell you it’s fantasy and dismiss it out of hand.
If that all sounds a bit daunting, then do you know any science teachers? We are used to reading complex text and making it accessible to learners, as well as spotting common errors and misconceptions.
Finally, there is social media. There are plenty of forums on Facebook with experts happy to answer questions. But again, don’t expect them to proof-read your book. Send them the premise or selected passages.
Finally, don’t despair if you get something wrong. Most readers aren’t experts, and if the book is well-written then they almost certainly won’t spot it. Two books that I have read in the past twelve months involved DNA/Genetics. One dealt with the subject extremely well, the other had a couple of dodgy sentences where the author had used the wrong words. My enjoyment of the latter wasn’t ruined, and I still happily recommend it to others.
Do you find writing science daunting? Are there any good guides that you use?
As always, feel free to comment here or on social media.
Until next time,
Paul.
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TuesdayTips69
#69 I’m Sorry, I’ll Record That Again.
Making Books Suitable For Audio Narration.To celebrate the release of DCI Warren Jones, Out of Sight, as paperback and audiobook, I decided it would be a great time to sit down with Malk Williams, my long-time audio narrator, and have a chat about what it takes to turn a novel into an audiobook.
The full conversation was kindly hosted live on the Facebook page of UK Crime Book Club and is archived on their YouTube page. You can watch the whole thing here, and hear some of Malk’s favourite accents, as well as some of his stories about being a narrator.
But as this is a #TuesdayTip, I have distilled some key bits of advice from this conversation, plus other tips that I’ve picked up in previous chats with Malk.Why Have Your Books Narrated?
Over the past few years, audiobooks have increased massively in popularity. Once seen as a niche market, increasing numbers of people have been turning to them when commuting, or as a way to while away the hours when doing other things, such as housework. Audible is owned by Amazon and books are often synced with the Kindle version of the novel, allowing readers to switch seamlessly between reading and listening. Depending on the price-point that the royalties for eBooks and audiobooks have been set to, audiobooks often come with a greater revenue cut. Although, it should be noted that the higher price of audiobooks is in part necessary to recoup the additional costs needed to produce the recording.
How Is It Done?
As with everything these days, authors can in theory create the audiobook themselves. But it should be noted that to create a professional-sounding recording, you will need a decent microphone setup, somewhere that can act as a soundproof booth, and appropriate editing software. Furthermore, you really need to consider paying for an editor, and that reading for twelve to sixteen hours takes its toll (a decent-sized novel might take a couple of weeks of full days)! Furthermore, not everyone’s voice is suited to reading aloud. Audio narrators are skilled professionals.
The process itself is somewhat more complex than it may seem – it isn’t just a case of sitting in a sound-proofed room, pressing record and reading. The specialist software is needed to help you edit out mistakes, balance sound levels so that each chapter is a consistent volume, and artefacts such as throat clearing or fluffed words are removed. The finished recording typically consists of a number of individual sound files – one for each chapter – which then need to be correctly packaged.
For most writers, paying a professional is the most sensible route to go down. In the same way that self-published books where the author has designed the cover themselves, edited it themselves and typeset and formatted the eBook/paperback, tend to stand out and look amateurish, self-recorded audiobooks are similarly difficult to produce. It’s up to you to decide if the investment is worth it, but if you are serious about producing a polished, professional product that will turn a profit, you need to think about hiring professionals. See the section below for more information about how you can get your books narrated.
The process.
There are several steps of which reading the text aloud is only one.
A typical work flow might look like this:
Pre-reading. The narrator reads through the manuscript. They make notes about which voices they will need to do, identify words that they need to verify the pronunciation for, and think about accents. Malk sometimes contacts me here.
Read each chapter and record it as a separate MP3 file. If they are working with a producer, they may send each chapter to them as it is completed.
First pass editing. Experienced narrators will probably do this themselves. They make sure there are no obvious errors and it all sounds even and clear. Often the narrator will pick up an error as they are reading. They can mark the error by clapping and continue reading (this creates a spike in the waveform, that can be easily located later) or they can “punch and roll”, where they press a button and the software rolls back a few seconds, so they pick up the narration before the error and just record over the mistake and continue.
Proofreading. Just like writers, narrators can miss small errors. The proofreader will return corrections, which the narrator re-records. An editor will then insert these corrections into the audio file, as well as cut out background noises or coughs and other artefacts and unnecessary pauses.
Mastering. Here the volume etc is balanced across the files so chapter one isn’t louder than chapter two etc.Dos And Don’ts.
(or how to be kind to your narrator!)
When I started writing my DCI Warren Jones series, audio narration wasn’t something I had ever considered. I was four books into the series before it was even mentioned. With the benefit of hindsight, there are things I would have done differently.- The biggest error I made, was failing to mention until several books in that one of my characters has a distinctive regional accent. I knew from book one that DS David Hutchinson was a Geordie from Newcastle. But I somehow neglected to write this down until a third of the way through book 5! Obviously, it was too late to correct this. I managed to get around this by mentioning in subsequent books that he’d spent most of his adult life in the Hertfordshire, and so his accent has been buried, only to resurface after a few pints or if he has been watching Newcastle United playing football. Malk and I still laugh about this now 🤣. If you can, give some clues early in the text as to how you’d like the character to sound. That way, they’ll sound the way you want them to off the bat.
- Don’t give the killer dialogue in the prologue! It seems obvious, but your narrator will have to speak that dialogue in the killer’s voice, giving away their identity on page one! I dodged this bullet after a chance conversation with Malk – I subsequently rewrote the prologue of the book I was about to submit, so the killer’s identity was concealed.
- Another classic error from that first book was including a load of data in a table! The team had the phone records for a number of unknown mobile phones, which they were using to construct links between different people. This is a commonly used data analysis technique and reproducing the table for readers seemed like a sensible thing to do. It worked beautifully for the eBook and the paperback – but presented a challenge for Malk when he narrated! Fortunately, he has a background as a technical writer and so was able to succinctly describe the table for listeners, but it could have gone horribly wrong. Narrators are often asked to record textbooks etc so they can describe graphs, images or tables, but if you need visual data in your book, consider writing a few lines of description for your narrator to read out – they’ll appreciate it!
- A final faux pas from that book was the inclusion of a written note by a person with dyslexia. The text on the page was spelled phonetically, with the incorrect use of some homonyms (words that sound the same, but are spelt differently with different meanings – eg there and their or bear and bare) and it was obvious to the reader that the writer was dyslexic. Fortunately, my forensic linguist character discussed the note in detail, so listeners didn’t miss anything. If I do anything similar in future books, I will have to put some thought into how my narrator can make it obvious to the listener, without me patronising readers.
- Read your manuscript aloud to yourself. It’s amazing how we often read what we think we wrote, not what we actually typed! Reading aloud will pick up many of these mistakes, and so is good for editing generally. But it also highlights tricky sentences with complex punctuation – whilst a five-line sentence may be grammatically correct, will your narrator actually be able to read it aloud in one breath!
- Finally, emojis. These are available in character sets for printed material now. Malk assures me that he can deal with them, by reading a sentence and describing the relevant emoji eg “I’d hate for something to happen to you 😉” would be spoken as “I’d hate for something to happen to you, winking emoji”.
How Can You Get Your Books Narrated?
If you decide that you would like your books narrated, then there are a few steps you can take.- First, make sure you possess the legal rights to audio narration. If you have been published by a publishing house, check your contract. You may have granted the rights to audio narration etc to the publishing house, in which case you would need their permission to record the book. When signing a new contract, look at the terms – get it checked by a lawyer or join the Society of Authors and get them to vet the contract. If the publishing house is a large one, and they have already produced audiobooks of other authors’ work, then you might be better off speaking to them about whether they would be willing to have them recorded (that way, they’ll pay for everything!). If you are independently published, then you probably own all your rights, so there’s no need for permission.
- Once you have the rights secured, you will need to choose a narrator. ACX is the talent exchange owned by Audible, but others exist. They have a database of performers that you can search to find a match that suits your book. They detail their skills and availability, list previous books that they have worked on and have samples that you can listen to.
- If you are looking for specialists in the British crime genre, there is a newly formed collective of experienced, award-winning narrators. Malk Williams, my long-time narrator, is a founding member, but between them they have contacts for most of the narrators working in the UK. Check out www.raconteurs.co.uk.
- Payment methods vary. You can pay them a one-off upfront fee, or you can enter into a royalty-share agreement, whereby they get a cut of the royalties earned. As you can appreciate, this is a gamble for them – if the book doesn’t sell, they won’t get paid, so don’t be disappointed if they want some sort of fixed-payment upfront to cover the time they will be investing. A novel may take two to four weeks to record and is a full-time job, meaning they can’t do other paid work. If you register your book for PLR (the payment system for UK library loans), they will typically get a share of that also.
How Can You Get Into Audio Narration?
If you fancy getting into audio narration, be warned that it isn’t for everyone. I know a couple of voice actors who steer clear of audiobooks. They’ve done them, but didn’t especially enjoy the experience.
Malk cites the voiceover coach Sean Allen Pratt (paraphrased):
If you think audiobook narration might be for you, then go and sit in a cupboard. Choose a book to read. Start at the beginning. If you make a mistake, go back to the beginning of the sentence and start again. If you come across a word you are unsure of, stop and look up the pronunciation online – don’t guess. Continue reading for several hours. Do that for several days in a row, until you’ve finished. If you haven’t gone mad by the end of it, then maybe the job is for you.
To get work, you should record some samples and post them on ACX or similar.
When you have recorded a few books, then you may be able to apply to join a production company, whose casting directors might put you on their books and start contacting you, rather than the other way around.
As with anything in life, professionalism is key. Don’t over commit to unrealistic deadlines. Make sure you are clear about any limitations (eg if you can’t do Scottish accents, say so upfront, don’t embarrass yourself and the writer). Keep a portfolio of work you are proud of.
It’s also worth noting that at the moment, because of Covid, the market is saturated with out-of-work stage and screen actors.
Home-based narrators with their own studios, like Malk, were fortunate during Covid to be able to continue working, however, you don’t need to commit to that sort of outlay. You can hire studio space as well as editors and producers.
Your Voice Is Your Tool.
Like all professionals, you need to take care of your work equipment – namely your voice.- When I started my teacher training, we were taught how to look after our voices. For example, if you need to speak at high volume, practise this (there are tutorials on YouTube) – otherwise you can strain your vocal cords.
- Keep your voice well-lubricated. For example take regular sips from a bottle of TEPID water (cold can constrict the vocal cords) – use a bottle with a screw lid, not a glass, to avoid any expensive accidents!
- Take regular breaks when you try not to speak for a while – your vocal cords are muscles and will need periodic rests.
- Try not to start recording “from cold” eg as soon as you wake up. Speak a bit to loosen your vocal cords before recording, otherwise the pitch might change as the muscles warm up.
- Some suggest that coffee might dry your mouth, but it’s not an issue that Malk has ever found a problem.
- If your voice is feeling scratchy, try a spoon full of manuca honey to soothe your throat.
So there you are. I have been delighted with my audiobooks, I love them! There is something special about hearing a skilled professional like Malk bringing my characters to life. Even if you aren’t considering having your books recorded, I hope you’ve learned something and please do check out the video, Malk is an entertaining speaker.
Until next time,
Best wishes,
Paul.
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#OutOfOffice
Out Of Office
I shall be taking a short break to enjoy the sun, catch up on my reading, and attempt to meet my deadline! 🩳🍦🍹#TuesdayTips will return soon.In the meantime, why not browse the archive?
See you soon!
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TuesdayTips68
A Prox On You!
Using Characters As A Substitute For The Reader.How do you get your characters to explain what they know to your readers without making a team of highly trained specialists sound like a bunch of simpletons?
More specifically, how do you impart backstory and key information to your readers, without pages of dry text?
How can you explain a character’s thought processes, without reams of inner monologue?
How can you show not tell?
This is where a character that acts as a proxy for the reader can be useful. Their job is to tease information out of others in a natural, dialogue-driven fashion.Great examples of this exist on TV. In the series Arrow, based on the DC comic book, there is a character called Felicity, invented specifically for the TV series. In addition to being an essential character in her own right, she serves two very important roles.
1) She is a confidante of Oliver McQueen, the main protagonist. Because of this, he explains his decisions to her – and by extension the viewer.
2) She is in charge of the series’ technical wizardry, meaning that she has to explain (and justify) what she is doing in simple terms, again informing the viewer.In this example, the role of the proxy is a two-way street. By listening in to their conversation, the viewers find out why Oliver decided (imprudently) to enter a warehouse alone and blow stuff up, and just what Felicity is doing as she rattles away at her keyboard, perched in front of her screens of baffling data. Without Felicity, the viewer would be left guessing, or in need of voice over detailing the characters’ inner monologues.
The role of the proxy has a long history in literature. Dr Watson serves this role for Sherlock Holmes. In addition to being his chronicler, Watson famously needs Sherlock to explain his deductions to him, and thus the reader. Captain Hastings performs the same job in Agatha Christie’s Poirot series.
But it doesn’t need to be a subservient role.
M.W. Craven’s Washington Poe series features the wonderful Tilly. Although Poe is technically in charge, this is a much more equitable partnership. Poe is a self-confessed technical dunce, requiring Tilly to explain the complexities of modern electronic policing to him. In return, Tilly is wonderfully socially inept and naïve, often not picking up on social cues or spotting subtle clues, forcing Poe to explain what he has just observed and its meaning to the readers. All done hilariously, I might add.
But what are the pitfalls?
There can be a fine line between the proxy character and the ‘data dump’ character. Or the ‘character invented for the slow of thinking’.
The proxy character MUST have a legitimate reason to exist, or they risk becoming a parody. There have been many poorly conceived characters in TV especially who would appear to have been inserted as an afterthought when the script is too complicated. They literally stand in the background doing pretty much nothing, until something needs explaining to the reader, when they step forward and ask a dumb question that requires a lengthy explanation. They are a walking footnote.
In the aforementioned Arrow, Felicity was initially conceived as a guest role. Yet she became an integral part of the series’ entire run. In addition to a complex relationship with Oliver, she brings a lot of humour and is sometimes the moral centre of the show.
The role is not a fixed position.
One way to avoid labelling a single character as ‘the data dump’ person, is to spread the load. In the Washington Poe series, Tilly and Poe serve different roles. They are both essentiall to the series. Many of Craven’s legions of fans would find it hard to envisage Poe without Tilly.
In a book, it is possible to switch the role of proxy between individuals as necessary. Below I list some useful characters that can act as proxy. I also describe some ways to make an existing character serve the role as proxy. Although I have focused on crime writing, you can hopefully see how this is relevant to any genre.
Examples or role.
Junior officer.
This is one of the most common examples. The hierarchical nature of the police means that a more senior officer will often impart instructions. They might then need to explain in more detail what they are looking for. Alternately, they might need to show a less experienced colleague a new skill or explain the significance of what has just occurred.
Pitfalls: This is easy to over-use. Beware of making them seem ignorant to the point of incompetence, or the senior officer patronising. And accept that sometimes, you just have to give the reader the information in prose not dialogue – neither officer is going to say, “they have a record on the PNC, the Police National Computer” – all police officers will know what the PNC is – you will need to tell the reader this directly.
Senior officer.
Keeping their boss in the loop or justifying their behaviour is a way of bringing your character’s thought processes and reasoning into the open.
Specialist.
They are the most obvious way to explain complex ideas – they can be an outside expert (eg a solicitor from the Crown Prosecution Service describing what they need to authorise charging someone, or a forensic expert interpreting blood spatter), or they could be part of your existing team. I have a couple: DS Mags Richardson liaises with the Video Analysis Unit and DS Rachel Pymm is in charge of the HOLMES case management database. Both have to explain to other officers (and thus the reader) what they are doing.
Non-police character.
The police have an obligation to keep victims and suspects informed of what is happening to them. You can use that to your advantages – have somebody sit down with a victim and explain what is going to happen next, or outline what they think might have happened to their loved one. For suspects, read them their rights. Have their solicitor translate what it means for their client. Be clear in the interview.
Tricks you can use.
Make your protagonist slightly dumb.
Washington Poe is a technological ignoramus – he needs Tilly to help him.
Make them relay their actions over a radio channel.
If your protagonist is deciding whether or not to enter a building, they can talk through the pros and cons over the radio; they will need to describe what they are seeing, rather than just rushing in, or staying outside for reasons that are unclear to the reader..
Have somebody miss something previously and so need it explaining in context.
Rest days, toilet breaks, an old case, there are plenty of reasons a character might be ignorant of something others in the book would be expected to know, but which needs explaining to the reader.
Have a character express their ideas poorly, requiring them to repeat themselves again more clearly.
An incomplete, rushed explanation from an excited character, which colleagues ask them to ‘repeat that again in English’ is an opportunity to expand on their resoning.
Final thought
Proxies are not the sole answer; you still need to supplement them with prose. Sometimes, there is no realistic way to use a proxy, if all the characters in a scene would be expected to know what is going on. A close-knit team working together for hours or days will speak in shorthand or assume that when they announce that an ARV full of AFOs is three minutes out, their colleagues understand that they mean an armed response vehicle with authorised firearms officers is three minutes from arriving on the scene.Do you use proxy characters in your stories? What are your favourite examples in TV or books?
As always, feel free to comment here or on social media.
Take care,
Paul.
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TuesdayTips67
Writing Backwards
A couple of weeks ago, I wrote an important interview scene for my current work in progress.
It came in at about 2,500 words. I was very pleased with it. There were key revelations that moved the story forwards. The dialogue between the interviewee and their interrogators flowed nicely. The suspect was emotional and, under pressure, finally revealed the truth that the police needed.
In the final book, the entire scene takes up little more than a paragraph, and is reported second-hand.
Now I know what you are thinking: we’ve all been there. The wordcount for the book has exploded out of control; tough decisions need to be made and this scene had to be cut. All that is true. But here’s the thing.
I started writing that scene, knowing that it was never going to be more than a paragraph.
On the face of it, that seems mad! The original scene took me over a day to write. I can knock out a paragraph in less than an hour. So why would I waste a whole day writing something that I knew would never make the final cut?
Because that resulting paragraph is better than anything I could have written if I’d set out to write a scene of two hundred words or fewer from scratch.
I am not a big planner. When I set out to write an interview scene, I start with just a few lines to guide me. Essentially, what information needs to be imparted during the interrogation and a rough idea of whether the suspect is going to be honest from the outset or if the truth will need to be prised out of them. Will they have a solicitor present? Will they heed their solicitor’s advice to no comment or will they be unable to keep their mouth shut?
From then on, I write the scene as it comes to me and just allow the story to lead me where it wants to. In the process of writing it, unexpected revelations are made and new ideas come to mind that I jot down for later in the book.
Perhaps the characters say something that I hadn’t considered? On more than one occasion, I’ve gone back and made changes to earlier scenes, because if the suspect claims that X happened, then I need to change the crime scene to match that admission. Perhaps they swear that they were at home that night? In which case, I need my investigators to verify their alibi – do I need to have someone speak to their neighbours or get DS Mags Richardson to check CCTV or Automatic Number Plate Recognition cameras to determine if their car was parked outside their house all night? Can Rachel Pymm look at the movements of their mobile phone to see if it was somewhere it shouldn’t be?
It is the actual process of writing the scene that is more important than what eventually finds its way onto the page.
I refer to this as writing backwards: taking a lengthy scene and watching as the number of words actually shrinks, rather than expands (our usual goal!). It is a process of distillation.
Many authors do similar things. I know writers who will spend a day making a LEGO model of a key location. Doubtless this is a fun procrastination activity, but more importantly it allows them to visualise exactly where the event took place, so that when they describe what happens there in the story, they can see it clearly in their mind’s eye. They place LEGO figurines around the model and then move them as the scene progresses. At any given point in time, they know who was doing what and where. Then it becomes akin to reportage, rather than having to make it up from scratch. The writer is omniscient and they simply choose what to share with the reader. It also allows them to avoid simple errors such as having a character in two places at the same time, and perhaps reminds them that character Y is still present and the reader will want to know what they were doing whilst the drama unfolded.
Do you “Write Backwards”? Or do you spend large amounts of time doing things that, on the surface seem to be a waste of time, but are actually crucial to your writing process?
As always, feel free to comment here or on social media.
Until next time, best wishes.
Paul
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TuesdayTips66
To read or not to read
(your reviews).They say that you aren’t a real writer until you’ve had your first 1 star review.
The emergence of Amazon two decades ago, followed by the launch of the Kindle, accelerated a shift in the way in which readers and writers connect, and rewrote the definition of what we mean by a book review.
Readers have always communicated with writers. Before the internet revolution, it was done the old-fashioned way by pen and paper. When the World Wide Web emerged in the nineties, anyone with an internet connection could track down an email address and let the writer know what they did (or didn’t!) like about the book they had just read.
Similarly, prior to this a ‘book review’ was an opinion piece, written by a professional journalist or literary expert, and published in a newspaper, magazine or journal. The problem was that these ‘gatekeepers’ only had enough time and column inches to read and review a small number of books each month. With thousands of books published each year, authors and their agents needed the right connections to get their latest manuscript in front of these influential eyeballs.
A blockbuster author is all but guaranteed space on the books page of every national newspaper, whilst lesser-known writers have to fight it out for the few remaining paragraphs of space left over. In many ways, that hasn’t really changed.
The changing of the guard.
However, the advent of Amazon helped catalyse the rise of the ‘review society’. Now, anybody buying any product, or using any service, is exhorted to ‘leave a review’. At the same time, the ease with which one can set up a simple blog to share your thoughts has led to an explosion in booklovers sharing their passion with the world (you can read my own small contribution to this by visiting my Recommended Read Blog).
The newest revolution is in social media. Facebook in particular is a fantastic platform for readers to talk about the books that they have finished. If you aren’t already, I would recommend joining a few of the many Facebook book groups out there.
Democracy is a double-edged sword.
This democratisation of the review process has been, for the most part, positive. Traditional book reviews have sometimes been seen as elitist; the reviewers part of the book industry. What so many of us want is a good honest recommendation from a person just like us. I liken it to trying to choose a wine. You can read a detailed review by a wine connoisseur, or you can go with your best mate, who had a lovely bottle from Tesco last week and reckons you’ll really enjoy it.
As writers, we really appreciate the effort that so many of our readers go to. It validates what we do, gives us valuable feedback and ultimately helps sales. For those of us typically locked out of the review pages of the national newspapers, a review on a blog, a post on Goodreads, or a star rating on Amazon is much appreciated.
So, with all that being said, what are the downsides?
The first question is should read your reviews? Not everyone does. That’s not because we don’t appreciate them- really we do – but because it can be a bit uncomfortable. For everyone who gets a warm, fuzzy feeling inside when a stranger writes about how much they loved their latest book, there are those that cringe with embarrassment. Any teacher will tell you that there are kids in their class that hate it when they tell them how pleased they are with their work. It’s human nature.
Then there are the bad reviews.
Writing a book is emotionally demanding. I know it can sound a bit pretentious, but you really do put your heart and soul into it. Even those of us that aren’t writing searing, honest memoirs about our heartbreakingly miserable childhood have still spent hundreds or thousands of hours plugging away, in solitude, doing the very best we can. For me, that finished book is the culmination of the previous year’s work. Waiting to see what others think of it is like going into your boss’ office for your end-of-year appraisal, having not had any previous feedback on whether you’ve been doing your job to the standard expected. It can be nerve-wracking. A bad review just confirms what you suspected all along – you’re actually an imposter, who has no business foisting their meagre talents on the world at large.
Human nature is such that a writer can look at a list of thirty or forty 4 and 5 star reviews, and skip straight to the two 1 star reviews.
Trolls don’t just live under bridges and on Twitter.
Another unintended consequence from this ubiquitous reviewing culture is that the pseudo-anonymity of social media has made bullying much easier. Once upon a time, if you stood toe-to-toe with somebody and told them they were useless and crap at their job, you ran the risk of a headbutt. Not anymore. And unfortunately, book review sites aren’t immune to these keyboard warriors. Trolling is rife on review sites and whilst Amazon will remove personally offensive comments about the author, they won’t touch reviews that are factually inaccurate or deliberately contain spoilers designed to ruin other customers’ enjoyment of a book. They’ve also just removed the option to comment on posted reviews, or explain why you think a review should be taken down, leaving it to the ‘judgement’ of a faceless moderator (or more likely AI bot).
Goodreads (owned by Amazon) is another site with little or no moderation. Unlike Amazon, which at least blocks the ability to post reviews until after a book has been published, Goodreads allows reviews for any books listed on its site, including those not yet available. The reason is to allow reviewers with advanced copies to post their thoughts and ‘generate buzz’ before a book hits the shelves. It’s not uncommon for publishers to create a holding page for a book a year ahead of publication; it is a useful way of letting fans of a series or author know to keep an eye out for their next book. I’ve got off pretty lightly, compared to some I know, but I did ask that a 3 star rating for a book that I hadn’t even finished writing yet be removed…
Opinions are like ar$eholes; everyone has one.
You are not going to please everyone. Furthermore, it’s probably best not to believe your own hype. Telling you not to place too much stock in your reviews is the easiest advice to give and the hardest advice to follow.
For a dose of realism, read the Amazon reviews of the ‘big’ authors. What you’ll soon see is that in amongst the hundreds of gushing 5 star reviews there are middling 3 star reviews by readers who got bored halfway through. There are thoughtful dissections of why they feel this book isn’t as good as their last – hard to read, but valuable sometimes. And there are excoriating 1 stars from readers who absolutely hated the book, or who have an axe to grind. And of course there are those who are clearly as mad as a box of frogs or who don’t fully understand the system (nothing is more depressing than ‘best book ever, I couldn’t put it down’ – 1 star.”)
Similarly, a 1 star review for one of my books lamented that it never arrived. It was an eBook…🙄
Identifying the axe grinders.
A useful exercise is to click and see what else that person has reviewed. I have some brutal 1 stars from somebody who has read and hated everything I’ve ever published – seriously, maybe my books aren’t to their taste and they should stop the self-flagellation? I will willingly forgo the royalties from those sales if it helps put this poor person out of their misery.
Another reader gave me a blistering 1 star that was so bad I wondered if they knew me personally! A look at their review history indicated that they don’t actually seem to like crime fiction. Rather more tellingly they were similarly disappointed with a packet of lubricated suppositories. I wonder if they were perhaps sitting a little uncomfortably when they read my book?
However, my favourite review ever is this gem for my second book, No Smoke Without Fire:
“Good power ,and seems quite sturdy, have to make sure you don’t leave it lying down full in the kitchen as it might leek and annoy the wife.”
So with all that in mind, what do you think about reviews?
If you are a writer, do you read them?
As always, fell free to comment here or on social media.
In the meantime, I’m off to check the Amazon page for my latest, Out of Sight… please be kind…
Paul
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TuesdayTips65
From Outline To Publication.
The Writing Of Out of Sight.Click here for more details about DCI Warren Jones 7, Out of Sight.
Out in eBook on June 4th 2021 and paperback and audiobook on August 5th.
Amazon Link.
Consider buying paperbacks from Bookshop.org to support independent sellers.Hello, and welcome to the latest #TuesdayTip.
This Friday sees the publication in eBook of the seventh full-length DCI Warren Jones, Out of Sight. And so I thought it would be interesting to relate the journey of this, the eleventh book in the series – a book created largely during one of the strangest years in my, or anyone’s life.
It all started so well…
Officially, I started writing what would become Out of Sight during the first week of September 2019. I had just submitted the first complete draft of book six in the series, A Price to Pay, to my editor at HQ Digital, the imprint of HarperCollins that currently publishes my series. That book marked the completion of my latest contract – three novels and three shorter novellas published over the previous three years. I had pitched my latest ideas for another six books a couple of months previously and although I had not yet received confirmation that I would get another contract, I was keen to start work on the next instalment, which I intended to be a novella.
The basic premise, as is normal for me, was little more than a collection of loosely-linked ideas. I’m not a great plotter, and tend to write out of sequence, so the final product usually bears only a passing resemblance to the initial outline. However, HQ have always been generous enough to let me crack on and see where the book leads.
I had also started a new job, teaching science three days a week at a new school, so I had quite a lot on my plate!
By October, I had written about 15,000 words – and then my editor phoned to discuss my next contract and the future direction of the series. The upshot was, that for a number of (very good) reasons, it had been decided to stop publishing my novellas. Rather they wanted to concentrate on full-length novels.
My first thought was “what the hell am I going to do with this partially written novella?” Ditching 15k words and starting again seemed like a cruel blow.
But then a nagging worry that had been keeping me awake at night suddenly had a solution.
As stated earlier, I am not a plotter. And for the first time, this was proving to be a potential problem. You see, I kept on having really good ideas, and it was becoming increasingly obvious that they weren’t all going to fit into a short novella. But suddenly, I had 120k words to play with. Ideas that I had reluctantly concluded wouldn’t fit into the book could now be used.
It was as if a great weight had been lifted off my shoulders.
Immediately, I set about rewriting what I had already completed.
For the next few months, I happily juggled writing book seven with completing the edits for book six and the forthcoming novella, At First Glance.
Then March happened!
Suddenly I found myself installed on the kitchen table, our lovely office given over to my partner who needed its privacy more than I did. On top of that I, and thousands of teachers around the country, found themselves remote teaching with little notice. It’s hard to overstate the size of that shift. My school was better equipped than many, with all learners having devices to use at home, and already versed in Google Classroom, nevertheless writing and rewriting resources for a practical-based subject such as science for students to use independently was a huge undertaking.
Experienced teachers such as myself may take 30-60 minutes to plan a typical lesson. Suddenly, each lesson was taking up to two hours to prepare. The need to track our learners’ progress – normally done by walking around the classroom and interacting with students – became ever more important and time-consuming. I resigned myself to the fact that my jealously-guarded, two-day-a-week writing time was going to have to take a back seat. No longer needing to produce two books that year became an even bigger blessing. Then there was the small matter of having to reorganise a wedding (repeatedly)…
A faint glimmer of light at the end of the tunnel.
By June, I had found a new rhythm. Lessons that I and my colleagues had written in April could be tweaked and delivered again to a different class. Both of 2020’s books had been published, and by the end of the summer term I had largely regained my two writing days. Now the challenge was to hit my September 1st deadline!
One of the biggest jobs at this stage, is to start putting my book into the correct order. I write out of sequence, and so, by the time I hit 90 to 100,000 words, I have scores of short sections that need placing in a logical order.
In July I moved all these fragments into ‘working draft 2.0’ and started identifying what sections needed rewriting, what chunks of text needed moving again (for example references to the forensic analysis of a piece of evidence needs to take place after the evidence been discovered!) and what needed writing from scratch.
At the end of July, school ended and I could become a full-time writer again. 2020 was the summer without a holiday, so there were no excuses there and I ploughed on, taking advantage of the nice weather to do some red-penning in the garden.
By the beginning of August, the book was ready for its next stage. It had been through several drafts and it was time for a fresh set of eyes. By now, Public Health England were inviting people at random to take home tests for Covid-19 to monitor its prevalence in the community. My partner and I were fortunate enough to be selected; the timing couldn’t have been better. Since the very first book, The Last Straw, was completed, my father has been a beta reader, alongside my partner. And so, armed with our recent negative tests, we took advantage of the relaxation in the rules to surprise my Mum for her birthday (they were shielding, as were we, so our negative tests meant that we could be confident that it was safe to do so). Alongside her gift, I also presented them with a bulging lever-arch file…
Some new eyeballs.
Now it’s time to wait! What would they and my partner think? I emailed my editor to explain that the book was completed, but that pandemic logistics meant that I might not quite hit my September deadline. My editor values the input of my beta readers almost as much as I do and so was more than happy to give me a bit of leeway.
A few days later, my partner finished her read-through. Lots of red pen, but she liked it! And importantly, hadn’t spotted any significant errors that would necessitate a big rewrite. I worked my way through her edits, then had my first ever editorial meeting by video, with my Dad! He had spotted many of the same errors as my partner, plus some others, and had some interesting ideas which he read out, and I either corrected there and then on my laptop or noted for later. He then suggested that as Mum (a former teacher) was at a loose end, she could have another go at it. Needless to say, the following week’s meeting had even more corrections!
Barely a fortnight after my initial deadline, I emailed my editor the most polished submission of my career!
The waiting game.
Of course that’s only the first stage, but I could now start writing book eight, summer 2022’s novel. At the end of October, my editor sent her initial feedback. It was positive! She liked it. But I needed to lose about 8,000 words and make some changes. She suggested a deadline of December and so I placed book eight on hold, printed out a copy of the manuscript and her editorial letter, and wielded the red pen again. I’ve written before about the editorial process (#Tip 48), so won’t go over it again, suffice to say, some darlings were killed, some new ideas incorporated, and what emerged was meaner, 4,000 words leaner, and all the better for it.
Then some wonderful news – my editor was leaving to have a baby! I was disappointed that we wouldn’t be working together for the next book, but she handed me over to Dushi, who had worked on the series previously so was familiar with the characters. I knew I was in good hands.
Christmas came and went, and mid-January, Dushi sent back her thoughts. This is the first time that I have had two editors go through a manuscript and it was a fantastic experience. Dushi did a brilliant job, and so I printed it again and spent the next week or so incorporating her suggestions. It was now even tighter, with a further 2,000 odd words ditched. We also finally settled on Out of Sight as the title.
Mid-February, the manuscript came back from Dushi with her line edits.
This time, there was no need to print. These are done on Word, using the ‘track changes’ feature. Dushi had corrected my spelling and grammar, rigorously applied the HarperCollins style guide, tightened some sentences and used the comment function to suggest some more tweaks and request clarifications. That took two full days, largely consisting of me clicking the ‘accept change’ button, adding or removing a few sentences, as per Dushi’s suggestions, and writing my own response to some of her comments. Remarkably, it was now three hundred words shorter!
Amusingly, despite dozens of passes by me, three beta readers and two editors, it was only then that I noticed a character picked his daughter up from school on a Sunday… A hasty correction fixed that problem before I received emails from bemused readers, and snarky comments from Amazon reviewers – bullet dodged!
The final push.
I submitted this draft on February 23rd, along with my acknowledgments and dedication. I always leave this to the very end. Last year I was nearly caught out when I referenced events that should have taken place in May but were cancelled, so had to rewrite my acknowledgements just before publication. Lesson learned!
A final set of edits came back from the copy editor, with some more tweaks and then it was off to the proof reader. By now we had a fantastic cover, and the team at HQ had written a nice, punchy jacket blurb.
April the 8th was set for my cover reveal, neatly coinciding with my self-declared ‘DCI Warren Jones Day’ a few days later. The book became available for pre-order on all the major eBook sites, and the paperback and audio release dates set for August the 5th. I am going to write a separate post detailing my interactions with my long-standing audio narrator, so keep an eye out for that later this summer.
Marketing a book is always interesting. My publisher does a lot of work behind the scenes of course, but I’m no Richard Osman so much of the hard work falls to me. I actually quite enjoy making my own graphics and videos, it’s a creative process that I never realised was so much fun. You may have seen some of my posts on social media. There will be plenty more to come, particularly in the run up to the audio and paperback releases.
Now it’s just a case of sitting back and waiting for the glowing reviews and multi-million dollar royalty cheques to come rolling in… And finishing book eight.
I hope you enjoyed this insight into the creation of a book, particularly in a year that threw up unique challenges.
As always, feel free to comment here or on social media.
Until next time,
Best wishes.
Paul
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TuesdayTips64
Know more than appears on the page.
Aaaah, research! I have written previously about the issue of accuracy (#Tip 60) – when pedantry becomes procrastination, and the compromises that we sometimes need to make to balance the need for absolute accuracy with our duty to tell a compelling story.
So let’s talk about research.
Writers starting out on their career are often told “write what you know”. This is perfectly sound advice. But the chances are, that as you progress in your career, you will eventually exhaust the topics on which you can write authoritatively based purely on your own knowledge and will need to do research. And this is where it is all too easy to fall into a trap.
It has been said that a good writer can sound like an expert on a subject that they know very little about. This is a little uncharitable. Many writers can become something of a genuine expert on a particular topic. They spend hours reading books and articles, watching documentaries, speaking to people and even going on research trips (sometimes joking referred to as tax-deductible holidays – there are definitely times I regret setting my DCI warren Jones series in an area within fifty miles or so of where live! Sending a DCI from Hertfordshire to Venice to solve a baffling murder, and thus requiring me to go and scout out locations in person, would be a hard sell if I am ever inspected by Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs!). I have friends who write historical fiction and they love perusing the archives of the British Library, or tramping around graveyards.
The problem is that having worked so hard to become an expert, you really want to share all that knowledge with your readers!
But do you run the risk of turning a crime caper that your readers picked-up for entertainment into a text book with a story bolted on? Where is the line between an entertaining story that a reader will finish and say “that was a cracking read and I also learnt something” and “It was all very interesting, but not a lot happened.”
When I wrote Forgive Me Father, I set the story in a fictional ruined abbey. I had been planning the book for ages, so my partner and I used it as an excuse to go and visit old cathedrals and abbeys, (which we thoroughly enjoyed and I DID NOT claim on expenses, in case HMRC are reading). I bought guidebooks and spent many hours online reading about the dissolution of the monasteries and other history that I never learned at school. I made detailed plans of the abbey as it would have been in its heyday and then modified them to account for centuries of neglect.
Almost none of this research made it into the book.
And that is as it should be. A good rule of thumb with research is that the author should know far more than appears on the page! Or to paraphrase another common piece of advice “wear your research lightly.” Aim to leave your readers feeling that you know your stuff, and if they felt so-inclined, they could ask you to expand at length – good writers are good bluffers!
The same is true of characters.
I’ve spoken previously (#Tip 39) about the need to plan characters – to keep a biography of key events to stop you contradicting yourself in later books; sometimes this can even act as a stimulus. Have a middle-aged character who’s getting a bit stale, and you’re not sure what to do about them? Ooh look, they turn fifty in a few months – give them a mid-life crisis! Buy them a motorbike! Embroil then in a messy affair!
But again, just because you know that about them, doesn’t mean you have to tell the reader about it.What’s the best way to accomplish this balance?
The key is in the editing.
Stick everything in the first draft.
Do it! You’ve worked for that knowledge, and you never know what might be important. Get it out of your system. The first draft of Forgive Me Father was full of rambling diversions about medieval monastery life. And I dare say that taken in isolation, some of that stuff was pretty well-written. But it didn’t add to the story. So it gradually disappeared over subsequent drafts.
Then kill your darlings.
Some of my earliest blog posts (#Tips 27, 28, 29, 30) were about editing out stuff that you might love, but which the book doesn’t need. Remember, to justify its place, something has to either advance the story, set up future stories or add essential details. Look at your book with a critical – even brutal – eye. Keeping something in a book just because it took a lot of effort to write, because you like it or because you spent ages finding it out, is not justification enough to keep it in. Console yourself with the fact that a decent editor will tell you to chop it anyway, you’ve just saved everyone time and effort by wielding the scissors yourself!
Know your audience.
Tom Clancy was (in)famous for his meticulous attention to detail. His thrillers are sprawling, geopolitical behemoths with sometimes eye-watering amounts of detail about weapons and submarines etc. Since he died, a series of writers have continued his series, and have maintained this exacting style. Why? Because his loyal readership expect it. I have read almost all of the recent books, and will happily set aside a couple of weeks to work my way through one. They even come with maps and appendices… but these are the only books I would tolerate that from these days. Give the same story to most modern thriller writers and they’d tell it in half the space. But that’s fine, for Tom Clancy. He is the exception to the rule.
Beware the information dump.
Sometimes, the need to impart a lot of information to the reader is unavoidable. One of my favourite recent reads was Rachel Lynch’s Blood Rites. The story centres around poorly understood ancient religions and cults. She could not assume any prior knowledge on behalf of her readers. The skill she demonstrated was the way that the information was trickled out in easy to digest chunks, as and when it was needed. I came away from the book having learned a lot of new information, in an enjoyable fashion, but never felt bludgeoned by it. It will come as no surprise that Rachel is a former teacher.
Avoid too much exposition.
This is related to the previous point, and I am going to write a separate article about it. Suffice to say that the old maxim “show don’t tell” is worth repeating and just because you impart the knowledge through dialogue, doesn’t mean you can ignore all of the above!
A final thought.
As with anything to do with writing, you can’t please everyone. I’ve had reviews where readers have criticised my books for too much detail, and others that feel my procedural accuracy is a strength of the series.
All I can recommend is to read other books similar in style to the one you want to write to get a feel for the balance. Ask readers experienced in the genre to look your manuscript over and have an honest dialogue with them. Ask them to tell you if they think some of the research is overdone, or even if they feel a bit more is needed.
And as always, remember it is YOUR story.
Where do you stand on research? Do you like to come away feeling that you could write a short essay on a new topic, or would you rather the author just got on with the story?
As always, feel free to comment here or on social media.
Until next time, all the best,
Paul
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TuesdayTips63
Time Is Ticking.
Using The Custody Clock To Build Tension.In today’s #TuesdayTip I am going to highlight a huge difference between crime writers and real-life police officers.
Writers love custody clocks!
In most jurisdictions around the world, there are strict limits on how long a suspect can be detained for questioning before they have to be charged with a crime or released. This is sometimes known as ‘The Custody Clock’.
This article will focus on the UK, specifically England & Wales, so if you are setting your book somewhere different, be sure to do your research. Similarly, the rules have evolved over the years, so again make sure of the facts for your time period.For law enforcement, these limits can be something of a headache. The clock essentially starts from the moment of arrest, meaning that unless the police want to release their suspect (either without charge, or on bail, or more recently ‘under investigation’), they have to amass enough evidence within that time to pass the ‘threshold test’ and receive authorisation to charge from the Crown Prosecution Service (or Procurator Fiscal in Scotland).
But for a crime writer, this same restriction injects a element of dramatic tension into the narrative – will your hard-working detectives manage to reach the threshold in time, or will a suspected serial killer be let back onto the street, to potentially kill again?PACE yourself – the rules in England & Wales.
Rules concerning detention limits are governed by the Police And Criminal Evidence Act of 1984 (specifically Code C).
When a suspect is brought into the station for questioning under caution, their detention has to be authorised by a custody officer – this is usually a trained constable or sergeant. They are responsible for the welfare of the detainee (not the ‘prisoner’ or the ‘criminal’) when they are in custody, and are independent of the investigation. The custody officer has to be satisfied that that they have been correctly arrested, they have been properly cautioned, and there is reasonable suspicion that they may have committed an ‘indictable offence’.
At this point, they will be risk and medically assessed and a solicitor arranged if requested (a ‘duty’ solicitor will be engaged for free, if they cannot arrange their own representation). Translation services will also be organised and, if necessary, an appropriate adult (for example if the detainee is a minor or a vulnerable adult).
Contrary to what is shown on TV, their phone call can be withheld if there is a a risk that they may use it to communicate to accomplices.
This is the point at which they may be searched and fingerprints and DNA etc taken.
If you want to see this in action, I recommend fly-on-wall documentaries such as 24 Hours In Custody.
Unless you are specifically intending to write about police corruption, avoid the temptation to ‘bend the rules’. Neither the custody officer or the detainee’s solicitor will let this happen. I recommend making a note of what time your character is arrested in the timeline of your book and when they would need to be released to avoid any errors.Period of initial detention.
Persons can be detained without charge for an initial period of up to 24 hours after their arrest. This time starts typically when they are presented at an appropriate police station and their detention is authorised – this is referred to as the ‘relevant time’. No later than 6 hours after this, their detention must be reviewed by an inspector or above, followed by further reviews every 9 hours. The review officer has to be satisfied that there are still reasonable grounds for them to remain in custody. This cycle of reviews is sometimes referred to as the ‘review clock’.
This is often overlooked by writers of fiction, but could be a source of narrative tension.
Initial extension.
An officer of at least the rank of superintendent, who isn’t directly involved in the investigation, can review the detention and extend it by up to 12 hours, to a maximum of 36 hours from the relevant time. Further 9 hour reviews by an inspector are still required. Again, they have to be satisfied that there are reasonable grounds for their continued custody.
Further extensions.
Further extensions can only be granted by a warrant issued by a magistrates’ court. These can be up to 36 hours in duration to a maximum of 96 hours (There can be multiple extensions of 36 hours or fewer, it is just that the total time must not exceed 96 hours from the relevant time). For practical reasons, these applications can be made before the previous extension has elapsed or up to 6 hours after.
Disposal or charge.
Once the relevant extension has expired, the detained person has to be either released (disposed of) or charged – remember, in serious cases, charging must be authorised by the CPS or Procurator Fiscal.
Upon charging, the suspect will be taken to a Magistrates’ Court (the ‘lower’ of the two UK courts – no jury).
For a lesser offence (less than six months maximum custody or fine) the case may be heard and dealt with there and then. For serious offences that are beyond the remit of the magistrate to deal with, the magistrate will then commit them to a jury trial at the Crown Court. They do not enter a plea at this point. The detainee can either be placed on ‘remand’ (sent to prison) to await their trial or released on bail to return at a later date. Unlike in the US, there is no ‘bail bond’ – in other words, you cannot stump up money to avoid being remanded. The decision to remand into custody is based on flight risk and potential danger to the public. Any time served on remand will be subtracted from any subsequent custodial sentence, so people convicted can in theory be found guilty then released immediately due to time served.If there is insufficient evidence for them to be charged at that time, then the police have several options.
No Further Action (NFA).
There is insufficient evidence that the offence occurred, or no realistic chance of a conviction. They are released, but this decision can be revisited if further evidence comes to light. They are still recorded as having been arrested.
They can be released on pre-charge (police) bail pending further enquiries.
Bail can have a wide-range of conditions imposed. For example, no conditions set, the requirement to report to a police station at regular intervals, surrendering of passports, restrictions on movements, electronic tagging or who they associate with etc. This would be authorised by an Inspector or above.
The suspect is required to surrender to the police for further questioning etc when asked to do so. Breaking these rules can result in them being remanded in custody. Unlike the US, the requirement for a surety (financial or otherwise) is extremely rare. As a writer, I’d recommend not going there.
Note: The rules surrounding bail changed in April 2017 in England & Wales.
Prior to this, people could and would be placed on bail for months, even years, as the investigation ground on. Given the impact that bail restrictions can place on a person’s life (not to mention the complications and stigma arising from being suspected of a crime – eg suspension from work, or the blocking of child access arrangements, not to mention the stress and affect on relationships), it was decided that it should be restricted to a period of 28 days. An extension of 3 months can be granted by a senior officer (superintendent or above), after which applications need to be made to a magistrates court (the complexity of Fraud cases mean that these can have longer time limits).
Fundamentally, the change was to stop police dragging their heels and keeping potential suspects on bail ‘just in case’. Remember, in the eyes of the law, these people are innocent.
Once this period of bail has expired they must either be charged or disposed of.To compensate for the fact that in complex cases it may take longer to amass the necessary evidence to charge than the bail rules allow, a new option was created.
Released Under Investigation (RUI).
This differs from bail in that there can be no restrictions placed on them, and they do not have to keep police informed of their whereabouts. They will need to return for further questioning if asked to do so and the police can retain their property.
Note: being ‘de-arrested’.
This is different to being released without charge. It can happen for example in cases of mistaken identity or if a person is able to give a good reason for their actions (eg arrested at the scene of a crime, but they later demonstrate that they had just arrived there by coincidence). The fact of their arrest is not logged, but may be recorded in the police report if relevant and in theory can come up on an enhanced DBS check (a criminal records check that determines if a person should be barred from certain types of work).
The timing here is crucial – the de-arrest should happen before the detainee is processed by the custody officer.Additional rules, complications and exceptions.
In order to stop police ‘gaming the system’, the custody clock and the review clock are not reset each time a person is released from custody. So police cannot simply release a suspect approaching their detention limit, then detain them again and have another 24 hours.
In simple terms, if a person is detained at midday on Tuesday, reviewed at 6 pm and released from custody after 10 hours, then if they are brought in again for further questioning on the Friday, the police only have 14 hours remaining of their initial detention, before they need to extend, charge or release. They will also need a review within 5 hours (9 hours, minus the 4 hours they were in custody after their first 6 hour review).
A change to PACE in 2006 allowed people suspected of terrorism offences to be held without charge for up to 28 days. The rules are outlined in the Terrorism Act 2006.
Detainees are entitled to 8 hours sleep every 24 hours, 3 meals and drinks ‘on demand’.
The custody officer will enforce these, so no getting your naughty detectives to interview them for 48 hours straight until they break!
The custody clock does not stop during this time.
Suspects are not typically questioned under caution in hospital or outside a police station. But exceptions to the rules do exist and are outlined in PACE Code C.
Forensic delays don’t give you a free pass.
It can takes days or weeks to fully search a property or process samples. Unfortunately (for the police), they can’t simply hold onto a suspect whilst they await what may or may not turn up. The detention limits are inviolable. Unless they have other evidence sufficient for them to be charged, they have to be released.
Running down the clock.
If a suspect believes that the detectives don’t have enough to charge them within the custody time limits, then they may try to ‘run down the clock’. By refusing to comment or cooperate they may gamble that the investigating officers may eventually have to release them without charge.I stated at the beginning that I love custody clocks. Although the time limits can sometimes cause logistical problems when structuring a novel (eg can I realistically get a DNA match back before the time expires?), the narrative opportunities from the race against time are well worth it. Can the interviewer get the suspect to stop ‘no commenting’ and cooperate before they run the custody clock down?
Where do you stand on custody clocks? Are they an annoyance that get in the way of your story, or are they an opportunity to be exploited?
As always, feel free to comment here or on social media.
Until next time,
Paul.
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TuesdayTips62
Opening The Can Of Worms
Racist LanguageLast week it was the elephant in the room, this week it’s opening a can of worms – yes, May is cliché month!
Like it or not, we live in a society where racism still exists, and if we as writers wish to reflect reality then it is something we need to consider. This was something that I was forced to grapple with when writing my 2018 DCI Warren Jones novel, The Common Enemy.
The book centres around the murder of the leader of a far-right extremist party, during a march against the opening of a so-called ‘super-mosque’ in my fictional town of Middlesbury.
By necessity, the book was populated with extreme racists, as well as members of Middlesbury’s Muslim and Sikh communities.
The simple fact is that if I wanted the book to feel authentic, I had to realistically portray the attitudes of these characters and that included the offensive language used by them.
I’m not going to lie; writing this book took me well outside my comfort zone.
I am a white man of English heritage. I was brought up in an ethnically diverse city and was taught from an early age that certain words and phrases are deeply offensive; they simply aren’t part of my normal vocabulary.
Writing them was hard for me, and I was extremely conscious that reading them would be deeply uncomfortable for many of my readers. My series is far from cosy, but this was an aspect of society that I had not previously explored.
When does it switch from authentic to gratuitous?
It was a given that my white supremacists were going to use the N-word, the P-word and other pejorative terms. But I was keen not to have the manuscript dripping with these words and so I had to think about ways of finding a balance between minimising their use and writing an authentic story.
How can you tread this line?
Use the terms occasionally – to give a ‘flavour’ of the language they would use, but in other instances, simply allude to them.
For example, report dialogue ‘second hand’ rather than deliver it.
“Joe Blog’s account of the incident, delivered in typically offensive fashion, matched that of other witnesses.”
If the incident in question involved non-whites, and the character Joe Blogs has been previously established as a foul-mouthed racist, then your reader can fill in the gaps for themselves without you needing to spell the words out explicitly.
Actually use the terms ‘N-word’ or ‘P-word’.
If a person is reporting dialogue second-hand, and is themselves not racist, then they often won’t say those terms in full. It can look clunky, but then it feels that way in real-life. The person is already rewording the language to make it more comfortable for them to say, so it probably will feel unnatural.
For example.
“He’s a real bully, officer,” the man looked uncomfortable, his voice dropping almost to a whisper, “A couple of times I heard him call the old lady next door a ‘lazy N-word’, if you know what I mean.”
or
“He’s always wiping graffiti off the wall.” He blushed. “‘Go Home P-word’, that sort of thing.”
Interrupt their speech.
Modern police officers simply won’t tolerate a foul-mouthed racist rant, they can and will insist that witnesses and those they are interviewing moderate their language. Something that isn’t always appreciated, is that the law in England & Wales regarding hate speech doesn’t necessitate it being directed at the protected group that it concerns. In other words, a white person over-hearing racist language about Asians can report it as a racist incident, even if there are no Asian people within earshot.
The language needs to be specific to the era, the society and the character.
Language evolves at an incredible pace, and terms that were acceptable just a few years ago are now no longer appropriate today.
The term ‘coloured’ was once seen as a relatively inoffensive way to refer to black or Asian people (at least by white people). That is no longer the case. In recent years, the term ‘People Of Colour’ (POC) has become a more favoured term. Similarly, ‘half-caste’ is now no longer acceptable, with ‘mixed race’ or sometimes ‘bi-racial’ more appropriate.
But as a writer, you have to consider if the newest terminology is the most appropriate language for your book. Characters in a novel set thirty years ago wouldn’t realistically use the term POC. Similarly, older characters in a modern setting may still be using terms that have gone out of fashion. Is it realistic that an elderly white woman refers to her bi-racial neighbour that way, or is she more likely to describe them in an interview as ‘half-caste’? It doesn’t necessarily mean she’s an overt racist, just somewhat out of touch with the latest trends in language.
An extreme example of this involves a former flatmate of mine from (very) rural Ireland, who in the year 2000 asked me if I wanted anything from the P-shop when he popped round there. He was absolutely mortified when I explained to him how that word was simply not acceptable in England and told him a little about how the word’s usage had mutated from a simple abbreviation of Pakistani to something far more offensive and sinister.
Used correctly, their use of language can inform the reader about a character.
For example.
“Look, DCI Jones. You’re not racist and neither am I, but we both know that since they started letting the Asians move in, the area has gone down hill. Of course two white blokes like us could never say it out loud, we’d be crucified.”
Think about what we’ve just learned about this character.
First of all, he clearly is a racist – just putting the word ‘the’ in front of Asians telegraphs this. However, he has enough self-awareness to realise that he doesn’t want to be perceived as such, hence the ‘I’m not racist but…’ caveat. He is also aware that his views are increasingly unpopular and so he is seeking approval from someone he hopes is a kindred spirit.
Is it the writer speaking or the character?
One of the inescapable problems that all writers face is that some readers can be so drawn into a novel that they find it hard to separate the views expressed in the book from those held by the author. This is especially true of the narrator. For those writing first person – in other words ‘”I did this”, “I thought that” – it can make the reader feel as if the writer is sitting down and telling them a story about events that happened to them and sharing their innermost emotions and feelings. Obviously that is what a good writer strives for, so it seems a cruel irony that readers who don’t know the author personally can subconsciously imbue them with character traits and attitudes that bear no resemblance to them in real life.
I am fortunate enough to write in the third person, and my narration is most closely associated with DCI Warren Jones, who I have openly admitted shares many of my personal views. This means that I can disassociate myself somewhat from the more unpleasant individuals that I write about through Warren’s thoughts. To reinforce this in The Common Enemy, I made certain to draw the reader’s attention to Warren’s personal revulsion at the views expressed by some of the racist characters in the book.
Avoid the temptation to write a ‘pantomime villain’.
When writing about characters that you find personally offensive, it is all too easy to fall into the trap of giving them no redeeming features whatsoever.
In The Common Enemy, my far-right extremists are violent, offensive thugs. Yet they still have loved-ones, they perform acts of kindness and they have a sense of humour: in other words, they are human!
One of the reviewers of the book stated that they expected it to “tar anyone right of centre as an extremist” but were pleasantly surprised that it was more balanced. Although it should be said that they then gave away their true feelings on the subject by objecting to my use of the ‘meaningless term’ islamophobia (it isn’t) and refusing to accept that the police would waste resources on a hate crime unit (these exist in real-life, and the police do monitor online race-hate groups), and criticising my apparent lack of research.
Whilst I’m never going to lie awake at night worrying that I may have offended some thin-skinned racist, I found the review rather satisfying, as I felt it showed that I had done my job as a writer.
Draw your own red lines.
We all have our own views on this subject and there are lines that we don’t personally feel comfortable crossing. For example, I don’t feel I am able to write dialogue between black people, where they refer to themselves using the N-word.
There is a belief by some in the black community that it is possible to ‘reclaim’ the word. It, and an alternate spelling, are used in some forms of black music, and dialogue between (usually) young people. However, its use is nuanced and like a lot of language it evolves rapidly. As a white person who is not part of that community, there is a strong risk that any attempts by me to use it will be clumsy and unintentionally offensive. Furthermore, it is likely to age the book – something I might get away with in 2018 may make me cringe with embarrassment five years later.
I am also conscious of that fact that there are many who don’t agree that the word can or should be ‘reclaimed’. Some years ago, I saw a documentary interviewing some of the people who lived through the American civil rights movement of the 1960s, and experienced horrific racism in the decades before. I was especially struck by an old lady whose first-hand experience of that word meant that she found it deeply upsetting when she heard young black people using it. For her, it will forever evoke memories of violence and fear.
So for those reasons, I will steer well clear of doing it.
Final thoughts.
Racially-charged language will always be a potential minefield. I thought long and hard about whether I wanted to dip my toes into this particular paddling pool. However, the desire to write The Common Enemy had been nagging me for several years and with racism and extremism always close to the top of the news agenda, it was something that I felt I could no longer ignore.
Ultimately, all that any writer can do is try to write the best story that they can. Crime fiction provides the opportunity to explore the most topical of issues and we should not shy away from them.
My advice would be to do your research (watch documentaries, and read articles from all sides of the issue) and then run it past trusted readers.
Doubtless there are things that I have got wrong, and I’ll listen and take on board any valid criticism, but touch wood, in the three years since the book was published, it has been generally well-received, with no serious objections that I am aware of, and I found it a rewarding experience.
What are your thoughts about using racist language in books? Is it a complete taboo, or do writers have a duty to reflect the uglier side of human nature?
As always, please share your thoughts here or on social media.
Until next time,
best wishes,
Paul.